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 1. Emollients & Moisturizers

Used to soften, smooth, and hydrate the skin or hair.

• Natural Oils: Jojoba oil, Argan oil, Coconut      oil, Olive oil
• Butters: Shea butter, Cocoa butter,      Mango butter
• Esters: Isopropyl myristate, C12-15      Alkyl Benzoate
• Silicones: Dimethicone,      Cyclopentasiloxane
• Humectants: Glycerin, Hyaluronic acid,      Propylene glycol, Sorbitol

2. Surfactants & Cleansers

Enable cleansing and foaming actions in shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers.

• Anionic Surfactants: Sodium lauryl sulfate, Sodium      laureth sulfate
• Amphoteric Surfactants: Cocamidopropyl betaine
• Nonionic Surfactants: Decyl glucoside, Lauryl      glucoside
• Natural Surfactants: Soapnut extract, Shikakai

3. Preservatives

Prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.

• Parabens: Methylparaben, Propylparaben
• Formaldehyde Donors: DMDM Hydantoin, Imidazolidinyl      urea
• Natural/Alternative      Preservatives:      Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Potassium sorbate, Sodium benzoate

4. Thickeners & Stabilizers

Improve texture and stability of formulations.

• Natural Gums: Xanthan gum, Guar gum,      Carrageenan
• Synthetic Polymers: Carbomer, Acrylates/C10-30      Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer
• Clays & Powders: Kaolin, Bentonite
• Cellulose Derivatives: Hydroxyethylcellulose,      Methylcellulose

5. Active Ingredients

Deliver specific benefits like anti-aging, acne treatment, brightening, etc.

• Anti-aging: Retinol, Peptides, Coenzyme      Q10, Niacinamide
• Acne-Fighting: Salicylic acid, Benzoyl      peroxide, Tea tree oil
• Brightening: Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid),      Alpha arbutin, Licorice extract
• Soothing Agents: Aloe vera, Allantoin,      Calendula extract

6. Sunscreens & UV Filters

Protect skin from UV radiation.

• Chemical Filters: Avobenzone, Octinoxate,      Oxybenzone
• Physical Filters: Zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide

7. Fragrance & Essential Oils

Provide scent and sometimes therapeutic benefits.

• Synthetic Fragrances: Used widely in perfumes and      scented products
• Essential Oils: Lavender, Peppermint, Rose,      Eucalyptus

8. Colorants & Pigments

Add color to cosmetics and personal care products.

• Natural Pigments: Mica, Iron oxides, Beetroot      extract
• Synthetic Dyes: FD&C colors, D&C      colors

9. Exfoliants

Help remove dead skin cells.

• Physical Exfoliants: Jojoba beads, Walnut shell      powder, Sugar, Salt
• Chemical Exfoliants: AHAs (Glycolic acid, Lactic      acid), BHAs (Salicylic acid), PHAs (Gluconolactone)

10. Conditioning Agents

Improve texture and manageability of hair or skin.

• Hair Conditioners: Behentrimonium chloride,      Cetrimonium chloride
• Skin Conditioners: Panthenol (Pro-vitamin B5),      Urea, Lanolin

11. Chelating Agents

Enhance stability by binding metal ions.

• EDTA      (Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)
• Sodium gluconate
• Citric acid

12. pH Adjusters

Maintain or adjust product pH.

• Lactic acid
• Citric acid
• Sodium hydroxide
• Triethanolamine (TEA)

• Silicon (Si) – Core material for chips (used as wafers).
   
• Gallium (Ga) – Used in GaAs and GaN semiconductors (high-frequency and power electronics).
   
• Germanium (Ge) – Used in high-speed devices and fiber optics.
   
• Indium (In) – For indium tin oxide (ITO) in displays and InP semiconductors.
   
• Tantalum (Ta) – Capacitors.
   
• Copper (Cu) – Interconnects and printed circuit boards (PCBs).
   
• Gold (Au) – Bonding wires and connectors.
   
• Tin (Sn) – Solder.
   
• Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd), and Platinum (Pt) – Plating and contacts.
   
• Cobalt (Co) – Magnetic materials and batteries.
   

• Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr) – Magnets for speakers, motors.
   
• Yttrium (Y), Terbium (Tb), Europium (Eu) – Phosphors in displays and LEDs.
   

• Silane (SiH₄), Ammonia (NH₃) – Used in deposition processes.
   
• Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Argon (Ar) – Ambient or carrier gases in semiconductor fabs.
   
• Hexafluoroethane (C₂F₆), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) – Etching and cleaning processes.
   

• Photoresists – Light-sensitive materials used in lithography.
   
• Solvents and developers – For photoresist processing.
   
• Hydrofluoric acid (HF), Nitric acid (HNO₃) – Etching and cleaning.
   

• Silicon wafers – Base for integrated circuits.
   
• Sapphire, Quartz, Glass – Used in optoelectronics and RF applications.
   

• Microprocessors & Microcontrollers
   
• RFICs (Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits)
   
• Power amplifiers
   
• Analog/Digital converters
   
• Modulators/Demodulators (Modem ICs)
   

• Capacitors – Tantalum, ceramic, or electrolytic.
   
• Inductors
   
• Resistors
   

• PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) – Copper-clad laminates.
   
• Connectors & Sockets
   
• IC Packaging materials – Epoxies, thermal interface materials.
   

• Laser diodes, LEDs, photodiodes – For fiber optics and displays.
   
• Optical transceivers
   

• Antennas
   
• Filters (SAW/BAW)
   
• Baseband processors
   
• Power management ICs (PMICs)

These are ceramics made primarily from metal oxides.

• Alumina (Al₂O₃) – Most common, used in insulators, wear parts, substrates.
   
• Zirconia (ZrO₂) – High strength, used in cutting tools, dental implants.
   
• Magnesia (MgO) – High-temperature insulation and crucibles.
   
• Titania (TiO₂) – Used in dielectric materials, varistors.
   
• Silica (SiO₂) – Fused silica for thermal stability, electronics.
   
• Beryllia (BeO) – High thermal conductivity (used with caution due to toxicity).
   
• Hafnia (HfO₂) – High-k dielectric, high-temperature applications.
   
• Yttria (Y₂O₃) – Stabilizer for zirconia, lasers, phosphors.
   
• Lanthanum Oxide (La₂O₃) – Optical ceramics, phosphors.
   

These include carbides, nitrides, borides, and silicides.

• Silicon Carbide (SiC) – Extreme hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasives.
   
• Boron Carbide (B₄C) – Lightweight, armor, neutron absorbers.
   
• Titanium Carbide (TiC) – Wear resistance, cutting tools.
   

• Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) – Bearings, engine parts, cutting tools.
   
• Aluminum Nitride (AlN) – High thermal conductivity, electronics.
   
• Boron Nitride (BN) – Lubricants, crucibles, high-temperature insulators.
   
• Titanium Nitride (TiN) – Coatings, hard metals.
   

• Zirconium Diboride (ZrB₂) – Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs).
   
• Titanium Diboride (TiB₂) – Electrodes, armor.
   

• Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi₂) – Heating elements for high-temp furnaces.
   
• Tantalum Silicide (TaSi₂) – Electronics, high-temperature coatings.
   

• Lithium Aluminosilicate (LAS) – Zero thermal expansion, cookware, telescope mirrors.
   
• Magnesium Aluminosilicate (cordierite) – Catalytic converters.
   
• Phosphate Glasses – Bioactive glass, laser materials.
   

• Whiskers (SiC, Al₂O₃) – Reinforcement in composites.
   
• Fibers (Carbon, Alumina, SiC) – For ceramic matrix composites (CMCs).
   
• Glass fillers – Used to tailor thermal expansion or dielectric properties.
   
• Rare earth oxides (e.g., Y₂O₃, CeO₂) – Grain growth inhibitors, sintering aids.
   

Used in processing stages of advanced ceramics.

• Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) – Binder.
   
• Methyl Cellulose – Plasticizer.
   
• Stearic Acid – Lubricant.
   
• Lithium Fluoride (LiF), MgO – Sintering aids.

• Source: Bottles, containers, polyester fibers
   
• Applications: Packaging, fibers, strapping, containers
   

• Source: Milk jugs, detergent bottles
   
• Applications: Piping, plastic lumber, containers
   

• Source: Film, bags, wraps
   
• Applications: Trash can liners, floor tiles, shipping envelopes
   

• Source: Food containers, caps, automotive parts
   
• Applications: Automotive components, storage containers
   

• Source: Packaging foam, foodservice products
   
• Applications: Insulation, office supplies
   

• Source: Pipes, vinyl siding, window profiles
   
• Applications: Construction materials, tiles, hoses
   

• Source: Electronics housings, automotive parts
   
• Applications: Consumer electronics, furniture components
   

• Source: Textiles, carpets, fishing nets
   
• Applications: Automotive, textiles, engineering plastics
   

• Source: CDs, water bottles, glazing
   
• Applications: Automotive, electrical, and optical applications
   

• Source: Foams from furniture, insulation
   
• Applications: Carpet underlays, insulation panels
   

These additives improve processing characteristics during recycling or manufacturing.

• Improve flow and mold release
   
  • Examples: Stearic acid, calcium stearate, polyethylene wax
     

• Improve bonding between incompatible resins or recycled blends
   
  • Examples: Maleic anhydride grafted polymers (e.g., PE-g-MA, PP-g-MA)
     

• Enhance toughness of brittle recycled resins
   
  • Examples: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), acrylic core-shell rubbers
     
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• Improve melt flow, surface finish
   
  • Examples: PTFE-based additives, acrylic copolymers
     

• Modify properties or reduce cost
   
  • Examples: Talc, calcium carbonate, glass fibers
     

• Mask or neutralize unpleasant odors in recycled materials
   
  • Examples: Zeolites, activated carbon
     

• Restore or change appearance of recycled plastics
   
  • Examples: Pigments, masterbatches

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